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IT and Agribusiness in India

Kristine Herkströter, Katja Kanapin, Ritu Gulati

India is also known as an agricultural land where more than 80% of the people engage themselves in farming and around 169 million hectares of agricultural land . In spite, of agriculture being the basic means of livelihood for most of the Indians, the agricultural sector still remains unstructured and approx. 91% of the farmers own less than 4 hectares of agricultural land. Till date, it faces a major problem due to its bad infrastructure . The literacy level of India being at a low of 61% is also another major problem for the country.

The states which did not benefit much from the green revolution have emerged as new leaders in the field if IT on the world map . Bangalore , better known as the “Silicon Valley” of India with more than 300 software companies like SAP and WIPRO. In Bangalore itself there are 30% of the total no. of Software firms of India .

Hyderabad is another southern city which has developed itself as a Hi-Tech city with world class civic infrastructure, in the leadership of the then chief minister Chandra Babu Naidu . An ardent IT advocate with a vision for a bright future of the state. He also managed to get an independent loan for the state from the World Bank for the AP Economic Restructuring Programmes . This loan was used for the upliftment of the neglected sector. Under his supervision a new policy in 1999 came into force the AP Vision 2020 which was targeted towards particular groups.

In the area of communication also India faces problems with the poor functioning of the landline network . This causes many times a big communication gap between the farmers and the people who would be buying their harvest resulting in heavy losses for the farmer. As only 61% of the population is literate the use of Internet and Computer is very low which is coupled with heavy power- cuts in the country.

Due to these problems faced by the farmers today usage of mobile phones is on an increase. This being the fastest way of communication for the farmers is also not very expensive as compared to computer and is easy to use.

The usage of mobile phones can be seen as a very useful component in agriculture. With the help of it the farmers can be better informed about the present market rates, be in contact with other farmers and also be well informed about the market conditions and newest information’s in area of agricultural developments. Here an eg. on how the usage of mobile phones has helped the fishermen in India to make more profits can be cited. Being in regular contact with their buyers, the fishermen in India are able to sell their catch (Sardines) very fresh and fast. This is very necessary in case of products which spoil very fast if not stored in proper conditions. Thus, we can say usage of mobile phones has helped the farmers earn huge profits .

Conclusion

It can be concluded, that although India being an agricultural country has an unorganised agricultural sector with approx. 91% of the farmers own less than 4 hectares of agricultural land. On the other hand, the IT sector in India has boomed and come up as a leader not only in India but also in the world. The innovations in the field of IT have also shown its impact on the agricultural sector especially with the usage of mobile telephones. Usage of mobile phones has also helped the farmers earn more profits and being better informed about the market conditions. The usage of Computer and Internet still remain at a low in context of agricultural area and farmers. Firstly, the computers are very expensive for a farmer to own, secondly, due to very low levels of literacy and finally due to heavy power cuts.

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Private Haushalte 2020

Geesa Theessen and Keith Urban

The household is to be considered in two senses: on the one hand, it represents a unit with the environment (other households, businesses, government) in interaction occurs, on the other hand, it is to be regarded from an economic point of view as one of the last links of the supply chain. Thus, the value increases towards the use of products within the supply chain until they reach as resources in the internal transformation in the household. Overall, the budget should not be considered in isolation, therefore, when it comes to the effects of the 2020 mega-trends is acting on it.

are first considered in an assessment of possible developments, changes in the environment with. Here contribute to a large extent, the previously observed trends of the digital mega IT, during the development of institutions plays a role and demographic change is of great importance. Thus, for example, the population of Germany in 2020 reduced to less than 80 million and then continue to follow a negative trend. It will come according to estimates by the Census Bureau to change the budget structure to increase by the number of one-and two-person households by more than 10%, while larger households are less common.

As a fundamental approach to an assessment of possible developments may Kontratjew cycles are used. These so-called "long waves of economic activity" can also be applied to the technical area and promise a continuation of the current period of increasing IT penetration and integration. Also be identified with a view of the household including using scenario analysis and Delphi forecasts of future developments. Here it comes, but usually to a focus on the budget as part of his environment, while upstream areas and links with the supply chain are ignored. This leads to a delineation of the main fields of housing, jobs, health care and mobility.

A broader view allows for the expectation that there will be an enforcement of the environment with computers ("Ubiquitous Computing"), which implies intelligent living environments are embedded in the public networks. The budget will be offered products that tend to have a high degree of processing and - ideally - also have a high quality product.

regards the application of new technologies, it has not (eg in the case of RFID) has shown that these are first in the industry and spread later to pass into the private sector. Reasons for this delay could be that the Budgets have fewer financial resources for early adoption has not so specialized that a technology is worth up early and are necessary for the formation of the necessary human capital is expensive. This cost-benefit ratio is improved by the effect of decreasing average costs at a later date for the budget. With inclusion of the development of an evolving workplace of several household members could be expected an easier entry of new technologies in the private household, since even more necessary human capital is available. That pushed back

by increased use of IT in the private sector, the social component is, can not be safely assumed, as these technologies are not always as a substitute, but often act as a complement (eg SMS). The added value of the budget is created by new technologies (including information service, time savings) should be considered in each case in terms of scarcity of resources (attention, time, financial resources). The decision for or against the adoption of new technologies will be preceded by so weigh the benefits and costs, which go far beyond the direct costs of the product but also its ease of use (intuitive use), security and other components. This is associated with the characteristics the user (eg age, technology aversion, familiarity with technology).

To turn to look at the connection point between the budget and supply chain are expected at this point interactions: not only are the manufacturers of products have an influence on the budget, but also the households themselves and their specific characteristics will influence the value chain. For example, in the context of demographic changes resulting changes in population structure drawing new requirements on an industry. Here, for example, the field of community canteens and nursing homes should be mentioned, and packaging sizes, logistics, store opening times etc. The more Kosumentensouveränität is provided, the more likely it is assumed that control the needs of households with the production, rather than be dependent in their preferences from the offer.

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A&E Humankapital und IT

Annika hard life and Corina Müller

The term human capital is understood by the education, training and experience acquired abilities and skills and the knowledge that is tied up in person. In terms of productivity, it can be used as a measure of the quality of labor. Furthermore, human capital is an important determinant for the economic development of an economy is because it also increases with the GDP and economic growth.

The measurement of human capital is considered critical. A common measure is the number of years of education is in a country, but leaves the quantity of education is not automatically draw a conclusion about the quality, so the productive human capital, too. Therefore, attempts to identify the knowledge or education for example, by PISA test. The effectiveness of this approach remains questionable, because the school system while representing a particular type of human capital formation, but for the future "market value" or has the job opportunities of little value. nevertheless, the degree or years of education regarded as an indicator of human capital, it can be noted that Germany has maintained a leading position in the quantity that the proportion of graduates is declining, however, while other countries such as. Sweden, Spain and Japan has shown a sharp increase.

In view of these trends, the question arises whether the use of information technologies would lower the investment costs and will again generate increased incentive to invest in human capital. Generally, a growing online service for technical information and training be established. Only the different quality of Sources remains to be considered, since the mass of available data assumes enormous proportions. Furthermore, the "information overload" on the Internet mean that many will not be spotted.

Along with increasing the offer, also contributes to the structural transformation of agriculture to increase in importance of information technologies. As a substitute for personal contact with other farmers, experiences, etc. can easily be replaced by blogs, chats and forums. This lowers transaction costs, especially, would have otherwise if greater distances to be covered to share information. But the influence of the agricultural advisory continues . Rise Especially in the field of experience, he can collect a wide range of information and data. With regard to the limited time factor, he is again able to farmers specifically with the requested information.

The growing use of information technology in the agricultural sector to take the demands on the operator, such as tractor driver, too. This in turn requires investment in human capital to ensure the correct use of the technologies. Furthermore, the increased use of information technology leads to the release of agricultural workers, or causes a shift of human resources in the offshore area, da ein höherer Bedarf an Informationen und Daten für die Verwendung von Precision Agriculture etc. besteht.

Auf lange Sicht stellt sich jedoch die Frage, ob Informationstechnologien das menschliche Gehirn gänzlich ersetzen (Substitut) oder ob es lediglich als Komplement fungieren könnte. Grundsätzlich können folgende Vorteile bzw. Stärken der einzelnen Systeme festgehalten werden:

Tabelle 1: menschliches Gehirn vs. IT

Vorteil menschliches Gehirn	Vorteile IT
structure recognition	models, simulations
conclusion	memory, data storage
experience (thumb rules)	reaction
Judgement, intuition , creativity	capacity

Source: own representation

The table shows the strengths of information technology in analysis and capacity. The introduction of intuition and experience and pattern recognition and inference, however, shows a substantial advantage of the human brain. It can therefore say that the farmer information technologies should be used wherever they provide him with relief, because they are more efficient. The released capacity can in turn be used to form human capital.

The following figure illustrates once more the interplay between information technologies and the human brain in agriculture:

Figure 1: Zusammenspiel menschliches Gehirn und IT in der Landwirtschaft

Quelle: eigene Darstellung

Der landwirtschaftliche Unternehmer gibt Informationen und hält Rücksprachen mit dem Schlepperfahrer. Der wiederum speist den Bürocomputer mit den benötigten Daten und bedient den Bordcomputer. Die Sensoren liefern dem Bord- bzw. Bürocomputer Messdaten aus dem Feld und steuern so die Bewirtschaftung mit. Weiterhin stellen die Sensoren ein Substitut zum Schlepperfahrer dar, da sie präzise genau Werte ermitteln. Der Bordcomputer, als Komplement zum Landwirtschaftlichen Unternehmer, übernimmt wichtige Analysefunktionen und steht in Verbindungen mit ihm, falls der Schlepperfahrer nicht ausreichende Qualifikationen besitzt. Informationen entnimmt der landwirtschaftliche Unternehmer z.B. aus dem Internet oder von seinem Berater. Weiterhin liefert das Internet bzw. die Kopplung mit Informationstechnologien die notwendigen Daten an den Büro-/Bordcomputer um das Precision Farming gewährleisten zu können.

Im Hinblick auf den fortschreitenden des Strukturwandels, wird der „gute Landwirt“ Informationstechnologien nutzen können, um mehr Fläche zu bewirtschaften. Insbesondere die Aufgabe des Monitorings gewinnt auf großen Betrieben mit Lohnarbeitskräften an Bedeutung. Der landwirtschaftliche Unternehmer ist in der Lage, Informationstechniken zur Qualitätsprüfung der Arbeitskräfte einzusetzen. So können beispielsweise Schlepperfahrer in der Ukraine von Deutschland aus mittels Informationstechnologien kontrolliert werden.