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IT and Agribusiness in India

Kristine Herkströter, Katja Kanapin, Ritu Gulati

India is also known as an agricultural land where more than 80% of the people engage themselves in farming and around 169 million hectares of agricultural land . In spite, of agriculture being the basic means of livelihood for most of the Indians, the agricultural sector still remains unstructured and approx. 91% of the farmers own less than 4 hectares of agricultural land. Till date, it faces a major problem due to its bad infrastructure . The literacy level of India being at a low of 61% is also another major problem for the country.

The states which did not benefit much from the green revolution have emerged as new leaders in the field if IT on the world map . Bangalore , better known as the “Silicon Valley” of India with more than 300 software companies like SAP and WIPRO. In Bangalore itself there are 30% of the total no. of Software firms of India .

Hyderabad is another southern city which has developed itself as a Hi-Tech city with world class civic infrastructure, in the leadership of the then chief minister Chandra Babu Naidu . An ardent IT advocate with a vision for a bright future of the state. He also managed to get an independent loan for the state from the World Bank for the AP Economic Restructuring Programmes . This loan was used for the upliftment of the neglected sector. Under his supervision a new policy in 1999 came into force the AP Vision 2020 which was targeted towards particular groups.

In the area of communication also India faces problems with the poor functioning of the landline network . This causes many times a big communication gap between the farmers and the people who would be buying their harvest resulting in heavy losses for the farmer. As only 61% of the population is literate the use of Internet and Computer is very low which is coupled with heavy power- cuts in the country.

Due to these problems faced by the farmers today usage of mobile phones is on an increase. This being the fastest way of communication for the farmers is also not very expensive as compared to computer and is easy to use.

The usage of mobile phones can be seen as a very useful component in agriculture. With the help of it the farmers can be better informed about the present market rates, be in contact with other farmers and also be well informed about the market conditions and newest information’s in area of agricultural developments. Here an eg. on how the usage of mobile phones has helped the fishermen in India to make more profits can be cited. Being in regular contact with their buyers, the fishermen in India are able to sell their catch (Sardines) very fresh and fast. This is very necessary in case of products which spoil very fast if not stored in proper conditions. Thus, we can say usage of mobile phones has helped the farmers earn huge profits .

Conclusion

It can be concluded, that although India being an agricultural country has an unorganised agricultural sector with approx. 91% of the farmers own less than 4 hectares of agricultural land. On the other hand, the IT sector in India has boomed and come up as a leader not only in India but also in the world. The innovations in the field of IT have also shown its impact on the agricultural sector especially with the usage of mobile telephones. Usage of mobile phones has also helped the farmers earn more profits and being better informed about the market conditions. The usage of Computer and Internet still remain at a low in context of agricultural area and farmers. Firstly, the computers are very expensive for a farmer to own, secondly, due to very low levels of literacy and finally due to heavy power cuts.

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Private Haushalte 2020

Geesa Theessen and Keith Urban

The household is to be considered in two senses: on the one hand, it represents a unit with the environment (other households, businesses, government) in interaction occurs, on the other hand, it is to be regarded from an economic point of view as one of the last links of the supply chain. Thus, the value increases towards the use of products within the supply chain until they reach as resources in the internal transformation in the household. Overall, the budget should not be considered in isolation, therefore, when it comes to the effects of the 2020 mega-trends is acting on it.

are first considered in an assessment of possible developments, changes in the environment with. Here contribute to a large extent, the previously observed trends of the digital mega IT, during the development of institutions plays a role and demographic change is of great importance. Thus, for example, the population of Germany in 2020 reduced to less than 80 million and then continue to follow a negative trend. It will come according to estimates by the Census Bureau to change the budget structure to increase by the number of one-and two-person households by more than 10%, while larger households are less common.

As a fundamental approach to an assessment of possible developments may Kontratjew cycles are used. These so-called "long waves of economic activity" can also be applied to the technical area and promise a continuation of the current period of increasing IT penetration and integration. Also be identified with a view of the household including using scenario analysis and Delphi forecasts of future developments. Here it comes, but usually to a focus on the budget as part of his environment, while upstream areas and links with the supply chain are ignored. This leads to a delineation of the main fields of housing, jobs, health care and mobility.

A broader view allows for the expectation that there will be an enforcement of the environment with computers ("Ubiquitous Computing"), which implies intelligent living environments are embedded in the public networks. The budget will be offered products that tend to have a high degree of processing and - ideally - also have a high quality product.

regards the application of new technologies, it has not (eg in the case of RFID) has shown that these are first in the industry and spread later to pass into the private sector. Reasons for this delay could be that the Budgets have fewer financial resources for early adoption has not so specialized that a technology is worth up early and are necessary for the formation of the necessary human capital is expensive. This cost-benefit ratio is improved by the effect of decreasing average costs at a later date for the budget. With inclusion of the development of an evolving workplace of several household members could be expected an easier entry of new technologies in the private household, since even more necessary human capital is available. That pushed back

by increased use of IT in the private sector, the social component is, can not be safely assumed, as these technologies are not always as a substitute, but often act as a complement (eg SMS). The added value of the budget is created by new technologies (including information service, time savings) should be considered in each case in terms of scarcity of resources (attention, time, financial resources). The decision for or against the adoption of new technologies will be preceded by so weigh the benefits and costs, which go far beyond the direct costs of the product but also its ease of use (intuitive use), security and other components. This is associated with the characteristics the user (eg age, technology aversion, familiarity with technology).

To turn to look at the connection point between the budget and supply chain are expected at this point interactions: not only are the manufacturers of products have an influence on the budget, but also the households themselves and their specific characteristics will influence the value chain. For example, in the context of demographic changes resulting changes in population structure drawing new requirements on an industry. Here, for example, the field of community canteens and nursing homes should be mentioned, and packaging sizes, logistics, store opening times etc. The more Kosumentensouveränität is provided, the more likely it is assumed that control the needs of households with the production, rather than be dependent in their preferences from the offer.

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A&E Humankapital und IT

Annika hard life and Corina Müller

The term human capital is understood by the education, training and experience acquired abilities and skills and the knowledge that is tied up in person. In terms of productivity, it can be used as a measure of the quality of labor. Furthermore, human capital is an important determinant for the economic development of an economy is because it also increases with the GDP and economic growth.

The measurement of human capital is considered critical. A common measure is the number of years of education is in a country, but leaves the quantity of education is not automatically draw a conclusion about the quality, so the productive human capital, too. Therefore, attempts to identify the knowledge or education for example, by PISA test. The effectiveness of this approach remains questionable, because the school system while representing a particular type of human capital formation, but for the future "market value" or has the job opportunities of little value. nevertheless, the degree or years of education regarded as an indicator of human capital, it can be noted that Germany has maintained a leading position in the quantity that the proportion of graduates is declining, however, while other countries such as. Sweden, Spain and Japan has shown a sharp increase.

In view of these trends, the question arises whether the use of information technologies would lower the investment costs and will again generate increased incentive to invest in human capital. Generally, a growing online service for technical information and training be established. Only the different quality of Sources remains to be considered, since the mass of available data assumes enormous proportions. Furthermore, the "information overload" on the Internet mean that many will not be spotted.

Along with increasing the offer, also contributes to the structural transformation of agriculture to increase in importance of information technologies. As a substitute for personal contact with other farmers, experiences, etc. can easily be replaced by blogs, chats and forums. This lowers transaction costs, especially, would have otherwise if greater distances to be covered to share information. But the influence of the agricultural advisory continues . Rise Especially in the field of experience, he can collect a wide range of information and data. With regard to the limited time factor, he is again able to farmers specifically with the requested information.

The growing use of information technology in the agricultural sector to take the demands on the operator, such as tractor driver, too. This in turn requires investment in human capital to ensure the correct use of the technologies. Furthermore, the increased use of information technology leads to the release of agricultural workers, or causes a shift of human resources in the offshore area, da ein höherer Bedarf an Informationen und Daten für die Verwendung von Precision Agriculture etc. besteht.

Auf lange Sicht stellt sich jedoch die Frage, ob Informationstechnologien das menschliche Gehirn gänzlich ersetzen (Substitut) oder ob es lediglich als Komplement fungieren könnte. Grundsätzlich können folgende Vorteile bzw. Stärken der einzelnen Systeme festgehalten werden:

Tabelle 1: menschliches Gehirn vs. IT

Vorteil menschliches Gehirn	Vorteile IT
structure recognition	models, simulations
conclusion	memory, data storage
experience (thumb rules)	reaction
Judgement, intuition , creativity	capacity

Source: own representation

The table shows the strengths of information technology in analysis and capacity. The introduction of intuition and experience and pattern recognition and inference, however, shows a substantial advantage of the human brain. It can therefore say that the farmer information technologies should be used wherever they provide him with relief, because they are more efficient. The released capacity can in turn be used to form human capital.

The following figure illustrates once more the interplay between information technologies and the human brain in agriculture:

Figure 1: Zusammenspiel menschliches Gehirn und IT in der Landwirtschaft

Quelle: eigene Darstellung

Der landwirtschaftliche Unternehmer gibt Informationen und hält Rücksprachen mit dem Schlepperfahrer. Der wiederum speist den Bürocomputer mit den benötigten Daten und bedient den Bordcomputer. Die Sensoren liefern dem Bord- bzw. Bürocomputer Messdaten aus dem Feld und steuern so die Bewirtschaftung mit. Weiterhin stellen die Sensoren ein Substitut zum Schlepperfahrer dar, da sie präzise genau Werte ermitteln. Der Bordcomputer, als Komplement zum Landwirtschaftlichen Unternehmer, übernimmt wichtige Analysefunktionen und steht in Verbindungen mit ihm, falls der Schlepperfahrer nicht ausreichende Qualifikationen besitzt. Informationen entnimmt der landwirtschaftliche Unternehmer z.B. aus dem Internet oder von seinem Berater. Weiterhin liefert das Internet bzw. die Kopplung mit Informationstechnologien die notwendigen Daten an den Büro-/Bordcomputer um das Precision Farming gewährleisten zu können.

Im Hinblick auf den fortschreitenden des Strukturwandels, wird der „gute Landwirt“ Informationstechnologien nutzen können, um mehr Fläche zu bewirtschaften. Insbesondere die Aufgabe des Monitorings gewinnt auf großen Betrieben mit Lohnarbeitskräften an Bedeutung. Der landwirtschaftliche Unternehmer ist in der Lage, Informationstechniken zur Qualitätsprüfung der Arbeitskräfte einzusetzen. So können beispielsweise Schlepperfahrer in der Ukraine von Deutschland aus mittels Informationstechnologien kontrolliert werden.

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A&E Forschung 2020

Annika Hartleben, Corinna Müller

Bis zum Jahr 2020 wird die Weltbevölkerung voraussichtlich auf 7,7 Mrd. Menschen anwachsen (United Nations Population Division). Dementsprechend wird sich der Nahrungsmittelbedarf in den kommenden Jahren stark erhöhen. Vor allem in den Entwicklungsländern It will be an increase in food demand. This is not solely due to the growing population, but due to continued rising incomes that allow people to consume high quality food. The rising demand for food are less and less arable land and grazing areas are available, so that a production increase will be achieved primarily through increasing yields must.

this purpose, the agricultural research make an important contribution, for example through genome research in plant breeding. It is primarily a matter of income and quality or to increase and improve resistance characteristics, including exposure to heat, drought and pathogens. Especially the first two properties will gain in the course of a projected global warming more important, especially in Africa, where there will be even stronger droughts. An example of the plant genome research is supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research supported the project GABI (Genome analysis in the plant biological system), in which eight plant genomes are examined with a model and the results can be later transferred to other plants.

Another research field is the field of bioenergy, as energy demand rising, fossil fuels will always scarce. With biofuels contributing to climate change, the CO 2 emissions. In this area, however, competes for the scarce agricultural land, as it can be used one hand to food security and on the other hand, the cultivation of energy crops.

heard Internationally, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) to the major research institutions. It is an alliance of states, international and regional organizations and private foundations. Their public research is not used for commercial purposes and also financed solely by member countries. The CGIAR supports 15 agricultural research centers worldwide, including the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). which strives for his project "Vision 2020" a sustainable global food security.

Further information technologies who have a significant contribution to agricultural research, as they are the interface between biological systems and technical processes. The following points provide the key features of information technology in agricultural research again

1) data collection (eg by using sensors)

2) data storage

3) data representation, eg in the form of graphics and animations

4) data management (analysis, simulation)

5) communication (Internet, online journals)

6) Metaforschung

may be available information to make better use through information technologies, such as research centers worldwide can communicate with each other via Internet, telephone and others and can also save the received information, in their research incorporate, which may in turn lead to saving time and money.

If it is not in any direct communication between the researchers will or may occur, these also have the opportunity to obtain information from the Internet, occurring not always a high quality is guaranteed. This is problematic in the context that can not be understood in principle, which author has published the respective article. As an indicator of the quality, the Zitierrate be used. It is expected that an article will be cited if he is found by readers as well

The trend of online journals as a source of information will be continued, because the access and availability are simplified further and further. Magazine vendors who charge for their online-Artikel/-Zeitschriften a high price to be but because of the wealth of information in the Internet voraussichtlich nicht lange halten können.

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Internationaler Handel mit Lebensmitteln 2020

Annika Hartleben und Corina Müller

Das weltweit steigende Handelsvolumen im Bereich Lebensmittel (2000: 295 Mio.$, 2005: 465 Mio.$) lässt sich auf verschiedene Ursachen zurückführen. Hauptgründe liegen vor allem im Wandel der Entwicklungsländer, die bedingt durch den wirtschaftlichen Fortschritt, auch westliche Essgewohnheiten übernehmen. Besonders im asiatischen Raum nimmt die Nachfrage nach Fleisch und Milch stetig zu. Dieser Trend wird voraussichtlich anhalten, denn der Anstieg der Weltbevölkerung auf ca. 7,7 Mrd. Menschen bis zum Jahr 2020 will be mainly due to the developing countries.

Using a baseline forecast model (IMPACT) of the International Food Policy Research Institute, may include different variables (regions, commodity groups, constructed competitive market, etc.), the following scenarios for 2020 are derived: the grain demand rises by 47% (557 million tonnes) in developing countries. Much of the increase can be recorded, especially in Asia (52%), of which China and India take over half the crowd. Neither is the most significant increase in meat and feed grain in developing countries. Especially in East Asia, especially China, is the nachgefragte Menge bis 2020 auf ca. 110 Mio.t Fleisch und 240 Mio.t Futtergetreide verdoppeln. Weitere bedeutende Anstiege lassen sich im Lateinamerikanischen Raum sowie in Nordafrika/Westasien beobachten.

Der internationale Handel mit Lebensmitteln verlagert sich zunehmend auf elektronische Marktplätze. Die weltweite Verbreitung und Nutzung des e-trades führt zur Senkung der Transaktionskosten, wenn die entsprechenden Voraussetzungen, e-readiness, e-trade-strategy und e-competence, dafür erfüllt sind. Bedeutende Einsparungen werden unter anderem durch die erleichterte Kommunikation, via Internet, und durch die Senkung des Verwaltungsaufwands erreicht, da Daten elektronisch übermittelt und bearbeitet werden können. Weiterhin rationalizations lead in delivery and transport chains to save transaction costs because processes can be optimized. Furthermore, using especially small businesses and companies from developing countries to place in the international market of e-trade permits. The barriers to participate in international trade are much lower and, in particular finding suitable partners easier. For example, German and foreign companies on the homepage of e-trade-center offer products and services or to ask and then build long-term business relationships.

The conditions of international trade are expected to increasing quality awareness of consumers increase. The traceability of products and information on food safety, such as HACCP win, therefore increasingly important. In particular, for homogeneous goods, the visual impact allows no conclusion on the quality, are de trust properties in focus. Therefore, the requirements of information to take with the number of substitutes, since the consumer will always choose the product with the highest transparency. In the long term can lead too much required amounts of data and information in turn to tariff barriers and countries close by lesser means access to the market.

Lebensmittelskandale stellen einen weiteren Faktor dar, der den Informationsbedarf erhöht und Verbraucher aktiv nach Qualitätsmerkmalen suchen lässt. Skandale „geringen“ Ausmaßes zeigen sich bereits als Folge von Grenzwertüberschreitungen, z.B. bei Höchstwerten für Pestizidrückstände auf Weintrauben. Einen wichtigen Bestandteil des internationalen Lebensmittelhandels stellen daher definierte Standards und die Einhaltung von Qualitätsprüfungen dar, die durch den Einsatz spezieller Messgeräte garantiert werden. Das kann wiederum ein Hemmnis für Entwicklungsländer und kleine Unternehmen bedeuten, wenn die technische Ausstattung bzw. das notwendige Kapital zur Qualitätsprüfung nicht vorhanden is.

Rising meat and cereal demand in 2020 may be associated with price increases, since the capacity of the Western countries are relatively limited. In return, a price increase would in turn result in a production incentive. Taking into account the developing countries, however, can still suggest a large potential for meat and cereal production. If the existing capacities would be used in accordance with the circumstances well, even large increases in volume would be expected without substantial price increases: it has been even more falling prices. The importance of the food trade shows in turn to provide the required goods am richtigen Ort, wobei der e-trade die Erstellung optimaler Lieferströme umsetzen kann.

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Der Landwirtschaftliche Betrieb in Europa 2020

Geesa Theessen und Kerstin Urban

Aus den Veränderungen der Rahmenbedingungen der Landwirtschaft ergeben sich neue Anforderungen, aus denen die zukünftige Entwicklung und Verbreitung von IT in der Landwirtschaft abgeleitet werden kann.

In Bezug auf die Veränderung der Rahmenbedingungen der Landwirtschaft in Europa veröffentlichte die europäische Kommission im Jahr 2006 eine Szenarioanalyse „Scenar 2020“, in der 3 verschiedene Szenarien kreiert wurden ( Baseline Scenario, Regionalisation Scenario, Liberalisation Scenario ). On 1st Scenario it is assumed that there would be no change of direction in European policy. The other two scenarios, however, is a regionalization assumed or from a liberalization policy. The influencing factors can be divided into political influence ( agricultural policy, environmental policy, WTO) and the change of social environment ( population growth, economic development, consumer preferences, environmental conditions ). According to the European Commission, the population figures in the EU will largely remain constant. In the other areas of the social environment, the trends of past years will continue . Stop In the area of \u200b\u200bconsumer preferences, this means that demand will increase for high-quality products and greater security further, the demand for organically produced products is rising.

from the increased demand for food safety and numerous rules and regulations of the European Commission to ensure the traceability of food, a higher demand for information resulting from the production chain. In the field of organic products it is necessary that information production and processing are provided in order to gain the trust of consumers. So that the necessary information can be provided is an ongoing and detailed Data collection from producer to consumer need. to the absence of accurate data for each animal, the amount of information increases dramatically. This requires an automated data collection using sensor technology and image recognition.

required on the process level, the increasing farm size automation of production processes in order to relieve the farmer.

order the existing price pressure term, to be produced cheaply and efficiently. Therefore must be planned efficiently at the operating level, the use of available inputs, which is a new challenge for management that supports using appropriate software could be.

are widespread today, the individual animal identification, acreage index and agricultural mobile computers, the Internet is increasingly being used to obtain information and in e-government. Too much has already been developed in the field of automatic data collection (eg OPTISORT), automation has been in production processes (eg, milking robots) and software in support of management (MIS) is already much developed (Precision Farming), however, the penetration rates low.

What's missing is a network of systems so that data exchanges between systems is possible, for example, between the automatic data capture and automated production processes. To enable this, further work on a unified data format so that a smooth flow of data related to the food industry instead. and the unified data format so that the flow of information between the systems work and the farmer to the food industry.

line represents the non-existent systems interoperability an inhibiting factor in the spread of IT in agriculture dar. The acquisition of individual systems that are not compatible, is no great advantage dar. Add to this that much time invested in learning the technique be. Embedded technologies and Surface computing here in Zukunft Abhilfe schaffen. Eine weitere hemmende soziale Institution ist der Familienbetrieb, der verhindert, dass hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte eingestellt werden, die den Einzug neuer IT fördern würden. Denkbar wäre es allerdings, dass durch den Einzug von IT, beispielsweise automatischer Datenerfassung, das Vertrauen in Kooperationspartner steigt, da die asymmetrische Information reduziert wird. Dadurch könnten neue Kooperationen zwischen den Landwirten gefördert werden, was zu einem schnelleren Einzug neuer Technik führen könnte.

	Prozess IT	IT + Person	Vernetzte IT
Prozess- ebene	Bsp.: Fütterungs- automaten Eingebettete Technologien	GPS gesteuerte Fahrzeuge Surface Computing	Steigende Vernetzung
Betriebs- ebene	Embedded technologies	MIS Surface Computing	Increasing networking
party chain	Embedded technologies	Surface Computing	Increasing networking RFID chips
State			E-Government

Fig.1 Existing systems in different areas and promoting factors

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